| ISR - August 1997 - AAAI Report |
| Research & summaries produced by Software Scientific Ltd |
On 07/03/02 Software Scientific's Concept Engine TM read 9,533 documents and considered 239,766 links
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| Remote AgentThis 1st paper of a 2-part series introduces current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture, named Remote Agent, which applies AI ? techniques to spacecraft control functions. i This paper describes current research on a new spacecraft autonomy architecture using AI ? (AI) techniques to challenging computational problems in planning & scheduling, & real-time monitoring & control. i NASA views spacecraft autonomy as a major design goal & autonomous spacecraft mission planning & control will become more prominent. i 1 This paper is the 1st of a 2-part series & introduces Remote Agent, a spacecraft software architecture utilizing AI ? & currently being developed by NASA. The spacecraft autonomy concept was primarily intended to enable spacecraft to continue with their mission in case of temporary loss of communication contact with ground control. To assist in reaching a higher level of autonomy, a more proper ground control/spacecraft organizational structure has been proposed ( by the Standard Generic Approach to Spacecraft Autonomy & Automation, SGASAA) based on a new, more elaborate concept of autonomy. i i A spacecraft software architecture utilizing AI ? , known as Remote Agent, shares the same basic goal of operating & controlling a spacecraft with minimal human assistance. i JPL has been designated the lead NASA center for spacecraft autonomy not only as of the nature of its missions but also as of its unique combination of resident expertise in AI, spacecraft engineering, space mission design, & systems engineering. i The product of the Autonomy team will be the flight & ground software & hardware needed to enable onboard & ground-based autonomous capabilities & the associated computer-based tools & processes required to replicate these capabilities in subsequent missions. i |
| Section 367 Papers & Publications
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| ESA Workshop on "On-Board Autonomy" - Second Announcement and Preliminary Programmei The workshop will attempt to provide recommendations on suitable technologies, available or being developed in the ESA member states, & which should be included in future ESA-managed research activities, in support of space mission users, operators & spacecraft & mission designers. i
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| A Remote Agent Prototype for Spacecraft Autonomy - Pell, Bernard, Chien, Gat, Muscettola, Nayak, Wagner, Williams (ResearchIndex) |
| Spacecraft Information Systemsi Systems which are neither automated nor autonomous include some early satellites which were basically collections of sensors & actuators in space & relied on continuous monitoring & commanding by mission operations staff. i While these tend to be somewhat automated already, they shouldn't be considered to be autonomous until the human controllers give up their control of these mission phases & allow the spacecraft to make its own decisions about which actions are appropriate given the set of conditions that actually prevail at the time of the actions. i By these definitions, JPL has built automated spacecraft but not autonomous ones; our spacecraft perform many operations automatically but we generally like to know exactly how they will be done. i For some missions, this proximity to data may also make it advantageous to move functionality to the spacecraft in order to trade on-board processing power for telecom power. While there is potentially more bandwidth on the spacecraft as its ? closer to the sources of data, it is likely to remain the case for quite some time that processing capabilities on the ground will exceed those available on spacecraft by several orders of magnitude. i In the case of spacecraft/ground interactions, its ? likely to be better to capture all the spacecraft engineers' knowledge in the delivered spacecraft rather than putting part of it in the spacecraft & part in the ground system. i Terminal autonomy" might describe a system which accepts exactly one goal & then proceeds to its end-of-mission (e. i Whether a spacecraft is large or small, its ? unlikely that it would be cost-effective to execute HRG support software in a shared computer. The long-duration nature of deep-space missions leads to the need for maintainable software. i |
| Applications of artificial intelligence for spacecraft autonomy and enhanced science data returnTitle: Abstract: This paper discusses research & development of applications of AI ? technology at JPL which solve mission-specific challenges in the areas of spacecraft autonomy & enhanced science return. These applications are a component of JPL\'s long term program to develop autonomy technology which enables the exploration of uncertain, changing environments & which supports creation of a vigilant, sustained presence in space. A broad array of AI ? applications are underway at JPL & a selection of these will be surveyed with particular focus in the areas of self-commanding spacecraft, distributed autonomous systems, & closed-loop science autonomy. The paper ties these areas together & concludes by highlighting the key challenges for AI ? & autonomy technology which arise in future exploration missions to the solar system. (Author) |Author: Atkinson, David J; Chien, Steve A; Mjolsness, Eric D |Source: AIAA Space 2000 Conference & Exposition, Long Beach, CA, Sept. 19-21, 2000 |Descriptors: AI ? ; Spacecraft Autonomy; Science; Interplanetary Spacecraft; Space Exploration; Solar System; Maintenance; Space Robots; Feedback Control |
| "http: //www. ee. surrey. ac. uk/ Personal/ N. Monekosso/ abst0797. htm"On-board spacecraft autonomy is expected to bring significant changes to space missions. i Spacecraft autonomy will improve on the management of resources & of increasingly complex & demanding payloads thus resulting in improved product return. i Certain types of missions are only possible with high levels of on-board autonomy. These include missions to the outer planets & beyond for which the light or radio signal travel time is too long to accommodate real time control & the spacecraft will spend long periods of time out of sight of ground stations. In recent years, researchers have, applied AI ? techniques & other new technologies e. knowledge based systems, decentralised & distributed architectures, to spacecraft autonomy. i The spacecraft autonomy research project began with a thorough exploration of the need for & advantages of on-board autonomy. Having established the need for on-board autonomy, an architectural design study trading off centralised & decentralised architectures for spacecraft control was carried out. i The research has shown that its ? possible for the spacecraft to remain safe & on-board operations planning continue in the event of loss of spacecraft status information resulting from communication breakdown between critically interacting units, including between spacecraft & ground, or loss (...) of on-board functions eg ? orbit determination,.... i |
| "http: //www- aig. jpl. nasa. gov/ public/ planning/ bibliography. html"
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| Validation and Verification of the Remote Agent for Spacecraft Autonomy - Smith, Millar, Dunphy, wen, Nayak, Jr, Clark (ResearchIndex) |
| Mission Types
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| ISR - August 1997 - AAAI Report |
| Advanced Simulation Environment for Autonomous Spacecraft - Biesiadecki, Jain, James (ResearchIndex) |
| Design of the Remote Agent Experiment for Spacecraft Autonomy - Bernard, Dorais, Fry, Jr, Kanefsky, Kurien, Millar, Muscettola, Nayak, Pell, Rajan, Rouquette, Smith, Williams (ResearchIndex) |
| Three Corner Sat Autonomy
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| Ben Smith Publications
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| AutonomyAutonomy in Spacecraft Software Architecture i We have developed a few metrics for quantification of autonomy in systems. Introduction As more complex systems are being developed, there is greater need for quantifying their level of autonomy (...). i This notion of autonomy is desirable in systems eg ? autonomous space applications needed in long-duration space missions. i In spacecraft software where a human user is in ultimate control of the agent, the agent is not required to introspect about its level of autonomy. i This metric can be useful for autonomy software by monitoring the level of resource management. i These metrics can be used in measuring a degree of autonomy in complex systems eg ? systems for the spacecraft. Such metrics will aid in designing software that is robust & can be used in autonomous control of spacecraft. AI ? & mobile robots. i |
| Millennium Space Shipi To cut operations staff, New Millennium will develop more intelligent spacecraft, onboard autonomy, robotic spacecraft & shorter flight time. " i "We have to move from the old method of sending a single spacecraft out as observers, to having a virtual presence with multiple spacecraft operating solar system wide. " i Instead of large ground operations staff, the spacecraft would have more onboard autonomy. Missions of the future that drive the New Millennium program include a Mars network of spacecraft, outer planet orbiters, landers on satellites, solar probes or orbiters, Earth- observing network missions, networks of magnetosphere & ionospheric mapping satellites, multiple spacecraft interferometer constellations to detect & image...,......,... i We think the answer is miniaturization - which must be done without losing capability - & infusing technology such that we have autonomy & intelligent flight systems that enable cheaper operation of the spacecraft," Stofan offered. Should missions call for planetary or comet & asteroid exploration, capabilities include aero-capture, networks of small spacecraft, landers, sample acquisition & analysis, she explained. In the general area of flight systems, Wilson noted that the highest priority seems to be emerging in terms of onboard autonomy; new, more affordable approaches to operating the spacecraft; station keeping & precision control of clusters & networks; more efficient, non-nuclear energy collection & storage & high-energy density storage.. i While many technologies can enhance mission capabilities, the focus of the New Millennium Program will be on revolutionary breakthroughs that offer significant mission cost reductions, enable frequent missions, & address the "tall poles" for space exploration in the 21st century. o Onboard autonomy or new ways to operate multiple spacecraft, including autonomous navigation & closed-loop feature tracking; also, self commanding & health monitoring must be done on board, instead of requiring ground in the loop; information system architecture that can be migrated back & forth between the ground & the spacecraft. i |
| Benefits of Model-based Autonomy
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| Planetary Society: Headline for 4/16/98
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| The Impact of Autonomy Technology on Spacecraft Software Architecture: A Case Study
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| A Reconfigurable Testbed Environment for Spacecraft Autonomy - Biesiadecki, Jain (ResearchIndex) |
| A Hybrid Procedural/Deductive Executive For Autonomous Spacecraft - Pell, Gamble, Gat, Keesing, Kurien, Millar, Nayak, Plaunt, Williams (ResearchIndex) |
| IAE'99 - Science Directed Spacecraft Autonomy for Mars Missions
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| Remote Agent Publications
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| A Hybrid Procedural/Deductive Executive For Autonomous Spacecraft - Pell, Gamble, Gat, Keesing, Kurien, Millar, Nayak, Plaunt, Williams (ResearchIndex) |
| Brian C. WilliamsWilliams' research concentrates on model-based autonomy -- the creation of long-lived autonomous systems that are able to explore, command, diagnose & repair them selves using fast, commonsense reasoning. i Brian Williams received his S.B., S.M & Ph.D. from MIT in Computer Science & AI ? in 1989. i He has served as guest editor of the AI ? Journal & has been on the editorial boards of the Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, & MIT Press.
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