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Research based on Resistance to penicillin and antibiotics on the area of Medicine, medical research

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Document / Key PointsSummary / Key Points
House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report
82% (1)
8/5/1998

House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report

 i  1.17 The hospital environment, especially in departments eg ?  intensive care units & neonatal units, operates as an epidemiological pressure cooker for the emergence of resistance, combining high infective risks in immunologically compromised patients who are also undergoing invasive procedures, frequent spread of infection, & high usage of antibiotics exerting strong..... Does antibiotic resistance matter? 1.19 Antibiotic resistance threatens mankind with the prospect of a return to the pre-antibiotic era. i  These organisms also acquire resistance to several antibiotics (multiple drug resistance, MDR) with great facility, so that Salmonella species, eg ? , can become resistant to 8 or 10 antibiotics. i  A few penicillin-resistant pneumococci are highly resistant & these strains often show multiple resistance to other antibiotics. i  Penicillin resistance in meningococci has now emerged in a few places. 1.24 Gonorrhoea provides one of the clearest examples of the successive loss of one antibiotic after another as of the inexorable advance of antibiotic resistance. i  How this could be prevented, by using 2 or 3 agents in combination, was then rapidly discovered, & a series of meticulous trials by the UK ?  Medical Research Council established regimens of treatment which were highly successful both in curing patients & in preventing the emergence of resistance. *   + 
MACMCM: AAPA - ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
81% (2)
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MACMCM: AAPA - ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

    OVERVIEW OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE "Resistance to antibiotics by many of the major pathogenic bacteria is now well recognized," said Paul Harrington, MD, formerly an assistant Prof of medicine & chief of the Division of General Internal Medicine at the University of Florida Health Sciences, Jacksonville, who now is in infectious disease private practice. " i  Penicillin,..., was the 1st antibiotic introduced into clinical practice in the 1930s, & within one year there were reports of penicillin-resistant S. aureus in some hospitals, said Dr. Harrington. i  More broad-spectrum antibiotics were introduced that were effective against both gram-negative & gram-positive bacteria, but then gram-negative bacteria developed resistance. "In addition to the current problems with methicillin-resistant S. aureus, penicillin-resistant pneumococcus, & vancomycin-resistant enterococcus, there is resistance developing in organisms that had been considered readily susceptible to penicillins & other antibiotics," noted Dr. Harrington. i  The mechanism by which bacteria develop resistance is, in many cases, well understood & Dr. Harrington gave a brief summary of some of the research in this area. Penicillin resistance has been the most extensively studied over the years & resistance generally falls into either of 2 categories. i  "Research has demonstrated that the major mechanism by which the bacteria become resistant to beta-lactams is to produce a modified penicillin-binding protein in their cell wall," explained Dr. Harrington. + 
 + 
Antibiotic resistance
81% (3)
22/5/1998

Antibiotic resistance

Antibiotic resistance is emerging as a major public health issue both within the United States & throughout the world. i  As strains of VRE are usually also resistant to penicillins & aminoglycosides, VRE infected patients cannot be treated with reliably effective antibiotic therapy. i  Since the 1960s, resistance to multiple antibiotics has evolved among Gram-negative bacilli. Resistance among Gram-negative organisms is usually mediated by plasmids or chromosomal alterations which may confer resistance by: inducing enzymes which can break down -lactam antibiotics (...); altering enzyme affinities for antimicrobials (...); coding for enzymes which can metabolize agents to non-toxic compounds or alter.. (.,.,.);.......... i  In 1989, the National Academy of Sciences: Institute of Medicine estimated that 50% of all antibiotics produced were administered to farm animals. i  Complicating the problem of antibiotic resistance is that most antibiotic therapy used by Americans is for outpatient treatment of infections (...). * 
  1. New antibiotic development is not keeping pace with developing resistance to older agents.
  • Report of the ASM Task Force on Antibiotic Resistance.
 + 
[P&S Medical Review:Nov:93] Antibiotic Resistance--Its Impact on a Great Medical Center in the Last 30 Years
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[P&S Medical Review:Nov:93] Antibiotic Resistance--Its Impact on a Great Medical Center in the Last 30 Years

 i  In the 30 years that I have been at the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center (CPMC) & Columbia University, many new antibiotics have been discovered in nature or synthesized. i  Antibiotics that effectively inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis include the beta-lactams, penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems, penems & drugs eg ?  the glycopeptides, vancomycin, & the soon to be available teicoplanin (...). i  Unfortunately, bacterial antibiotic resistance can develop as a result of a chromosomal mutation, inductive expression of a latent chromosomal gene, or by exchange of genetic material through transformation, transduction or conjugation by plasmids or transposons. i  In a 1992 article in Science, I reviewed the mechanisms of resistance to most antibiotics, described the organisms in which antibiotic resistance is currently a problem, & described the potential for crises in the future.[ i  In the 1940's, research was underway at CPMC with Drs. Dawson & Hobby in an attempt to isolate penicillin. i  At one of our satellite hospitals, we have found penicillin-resistant isolates of serotype 23 S. pneumoniae, the same serotype found in Barcelona, Spain, where penicillin resistance is a major problem. At present approx 4% of our S. pneumoniae are relatively resistant to penicillin, inhibited by As a result of this concern about relative resistance of S. pneumoniae, penicillin is infrequently utilized today as initial therapy of suspected S. pneumoniae meningitis. i  Antibiotic resistance has had a major impact on this great medical center over the last 30 years. + 
"http://hometown.aol.com/talulalady/antibiotic.html"
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"http://hometown.aol.com/talulalady/antibiotic.html"

 i  The purpose of this experiment was to observe the development of antibiotic resistance & become acquainted with the methods of measuring this growing danger. It was expected that there would be an increase in resistance to the antibiotics. This increase in resistance did not mean for the bacteria to become totally resistant to the antibiotics, but perhaps to become intermediately effective.   Antibiotic Resistance: The Problem An antibiotic is defined as a substance produced by a microorganism or synthetically which in low concentrations inhibits the growth of other microorganisms (1). The 1st antibiotic, penicillin, was discovered in 1928 by Alexander Fleming (4). This antibiotic ushered in the new age of medicine. i  The wonder-drug of the antibiotic age, penicillin, is reporting high levels of resistance. *   *   i  Today's task is to educate the public, both the medical & the national, about the danger of antibiotic resistance. + 
The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections
75% (6)
28/4/1998

The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections

When penicillin became widely available during the 2nd world war, it was a medical miracle, rapidly vanquishing the biggest wartime killer--infected wounds. i  In the meantime, resistance increased to a number of commonly used antibiotics, possibly related to overuse of antibiotics. According to a report in the Apr 28, 1994, New England Journal of Medicine, researchers have identified bacteria in patient samples that resist all currently available antibiotic drugs. The increased prevalence of antibiotic resistance is an outcome of evolution. i  The antibiotic doesn't technically cause the resistance, but allows it to happen by creating a situation where an already existing variant can flourish. " i  A study conducted by Alain Cometta, M.D., & his colleagues at the Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois in Lausanne, Switzerland, & reported in the Apr 28, 1994, New England Journal of Medicine, showed that increase in antibiotic resistance parallels increase in antibiotic use in humans. i  Stephen Weis & colleagues at the University of North Texas Health Science Center in Fort Worth reported in the Apr 28, 1994, New England Journal of Medicine on research they conducted in Tarrant County, Texas, that vividly illustrates how helping patients to take the full course of their medication can actually lower resistance.. When microbes began resisting penicillin, medical researchers fought back with chemical cousins, eg ?  methicillin & oxacillin. + 
Benefit-to-Risk Ratio: The Challenge of Antibiotic Drug Resistance
74% (7)
29/12/1998

Benefit-to-Risk Ratio: The Challenge of Antibiotic Drug Resistance

BENEFIT-TO-RISK RATIO: THE CHALLENGE OF ANTIBIOTIC DRUG RESISTANCE   i  But as early as 1942, bacterial resistance to penicillin was described. From 1944 to 1945, rates of resistance to penicillin were 8 to 22 %. The resistance rate to penicillin in S. aureus has continued to increase. i  Investigations of the mechanisms for the drug resistance of S. aureus to penicillin revealed that the bacterium produced a penicillin inactivator & further identified this inactivator to be an enzyme, penicillinase (...), 1st identified in the bacterium Escherichia coli in 1940. i  Some penicillinase plasmids also encode for resistance to heavy metals & erythromycin, & other plasmids carry genes determining resistance to other antibiotics eg ?  chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, neomycin & kanamycin.   As of the drug resistance that a bacterium, eg ?  S. aureus , shows to penicillin, many derivatives of the original molecule have been synthesized to strategically overcome the ability of the bacterium to resist the action of the penicillin antibiotic. *   * 
Penicillin and other antibiotics
73% (8)
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Penicillin and other antibiotics

Penicillin: the story of an antibiotic  i  its  ? still a "front line" antibiotic, in common use for some bacterial infections although the development of penicillin-resistance in several pathogenic bacteria now limits its effectiveness (...).   + 
 * 
  • a degree of resistance to penicillinase (...)
Although the penicillins are still used clinically, their value has been diminished by the widespread development of resistance among target microorganisms & also by some people's allergic reaction to penicillin.  
 i  The phenomenal success of penicillin led to the search for other antibiotic-producing microorganisms, especially from soil environments.
Actinomycetes, especially Streptomyces species, have yielded most of the antibiotics used in clinical medicine today. + 
 i  On the contrary, this problem was recognised soon after the natural penicillins were introduced for disease control, & bacterial strains held in culture collections from before "the antibiotic era" have also been found to harbour antibiotic-resistance genes. *   + 
House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report
73% (9)
8/5/1998

House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report

1.1 Antibiotics have saved countless lives & transformed the practice of medicine since the 1st flowering of antimicrobial chemotherapy in the 1930s & '40s.[
" Antibiotic " was the term originally applied to naturally occurring compounds eg ?  penicillin which attacked infecting bacteria without harming the host. " i  In the public mind, however, "antibiotics" are still largely equated with penicillin.
Penicillin, the 1st antibiotic, was identified in a mould by Alexander Fleming in 1928; but it was not available for use until Florey & Chain & their colleagues purified it in 1940 & showed how effective it could be.
 i  2] The problem of antibiotic resistance has now become a major concern in medicine throughout the world. i  The importance of these processes for antibiotic resistance in man & animals is that, by whichever process genes for resistance have been acquired, the presence of an antibiotic in the environment of the bacterium imposes "selection pressure" & encourages resistance to spread. i  Although there are enormous variations in the speed with which resistance to any antibiotic emerges, & in its geographical spread once it has emerged, its  ? indisputable that resistance has developed to many new agents after their introduction, with consequent diminution or actual loss of their former value to medicine.
Friends of the Earth: - Genetically Engineered Food Briefing Sheet
73% (10)
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Friends of the Earth: - Genetically Engineered Food Briefing Sheet

Many genetically modified (GM) plants contain antibiotic resistance marker genes. i  Antibiotic resistance genes are put into GM plants as tags or markers, so that genetic engineers can tell when they have successfully inserted new traits into a plant. Although its  ? possible to remove antibiotic resistance marker genes before the plant is released (...), these precautions are rarely taken. The biggest concern about antibiotic resistance genes is the possibility that they could be transferred to bacteria in the guts of animals or humans, or to bacteria in the environment. i  Researchers in 1998 found that, in the lab, a species of soil bacteria could pick up antibiotic resistance genes from GM sugar beet mixed into soil (3) . i  The British Medical Association recommended in their report on GM crops & food that “there should be a ban on the use of antibiotic resistance marker genes in GM food, as the risk to human health from antibiotic resistance developing in micro-organisms is one of the major public health threats that will be faced in the 21st Century” (5) . They confer resistance to a range of antibiotics used in human & veterinary medicine. *   *   + 
Conclusion
73% (11)
16/12/1998

Conclusion

There are several mechanisms of prokaryotic drug resistance. Some bacteria try to establish resistance through changes in their membrane structure. One of the methods of membrane resistance is forming a 2nd outer membrane. i  Another mechanism of resistance is alterations of the porins in the membrane so that either influx is really slow giving intrinsic resistance or the porins are mutated so badly that they are no longer functional. i  Penicillin Binding Protein-mediated resistance to b -Lactam antibiotics involves the prokaryotes developing high molecular weight PBP's that have a lowered affinity for antibiotics. Another resistance mechanism crucial to b -Lactam antibiotics is the use of b -Lactamase enzymes eg ?  TEM-1 or OHIO-1 which inactivate antiobiotics like penicillin. i  Resistance against traditional antibiotics like penicillin crop up all the time in crowded hospitals & resistance against new antibiotics usually appear a few years after they are 1st marketed. + 
"http://www.sciam.com/1998/0398issue/0398levy.html"
73% (12)
21/10/1999

"http://www.sciam.com/1998/0398issue/0398levy.html"

 +   i  The looming threat of incurable S. aureus is just the latest twist in an international public health nightmare: increasing bacterial resistance to many antibiotics that once cured bacterial diseases readily. In part as of the rise in resistance to antibiotics, the death rates for some communicable diseases (...) have started to rise again, after having declined in the industrial nations. i  Although many factors can influence whether bacteria in a person or in a community will become insensitive to an antibiotic, the 2 main forces are the prevalence of resistance genes (...) & the extent of antibiotic use. If the collective bacterial flora in a community have no genes conferring resistance to a given antibiotic, the antibiotic will successfully eliminate infection caused by any of the bacterial species in the collection. i  To understand how resistance genes enable bacteria to survive an attack by an antibiotic, it helps to know exactly what antibiotics are & how they harm bacteria. *   i  As exciting as the pharmaceutical research is, overall reversal of the bacterial resistance problem will require public health officials, physicians, farmers & others to think about the effects of antibiotics in new ways. i  Control of antibiotic resistance on a wider, international scale will require cooperation among countries around the globe & concerted efforts to educate the world's populations about drug resistance & the impact of improper antibiotic use. + 
Medical Microbiology 3m
72% (13)
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Medical Microbiology 3m

Dr John Stewart: Address: Department of Medical Microbiology Email: John.Stewart@ed.ac.uk
 i  Lectures are held in the Teviot & Meadows Lecture Theatres in the Medical School; Practicals are held in the classrooms on the top floor of the Department of Medical Microbiology. + 
  • Introduction to antibiotics: True history of antibiotics, The role of antibiotic therapy, Selective toxicity, General mechanisms of action, Sensitivity tests & lab evaluation, Comparison of evaluation techniques, Introduction to resistance
  • Mode of action of antibiotics: Penicillins & cephalosporins & peptidoglycan synthesis inhibitors - paying particular attention to the modern drugs in this group, 4-quinolones & DNA synthesis inhibitors, Protein synthesis inhibitors, Folic acid synthesis inhibitors, Rifampicin & other drugs
  • Antibiotic resistance: Emergence of resistance, Plasmid v Chromosomal resistance, Properties of plasmids, Classification of plasmids, Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance
  • Epidemiology of resistance: Selection of resistance to one drug by another, Spread of dissemination of resistance genes, Transposons & Integrons, Extended spectrum beta-lactamases, Resistance epidemics, Techniques used to monitor the spread of resistance, Control of resistance
  • Antibiotic strategy: ,Drug combinations Oral versus parenteral, Post-antibiotic effect, Evaluation of bactericidal activity, Importance of Pharmacokinetics with examples, Toxicity & monitoring of antibiotics, Antibiotic Policies & future developments
Resistant Pneumococci: Protecting Patients Through Judicious Use of Antibiotics / Abstract - American Family Physician, April 1997
72% (14)
31/3/1997

Resistant Pneumococci: Protecting Patients Through Judicious Use of Antibiotics / Abstract - American Family Physician, April 1997

Articles | Departments | Patient Information | Editorials | Special Medical Reports
 i  Increasing resistance to antimicrobial agents has occurred among many pathogens, but the emergence of resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae will have the greatest impact on the practice of outpatient medicine. Consequences of resistance include complicated management of acute otitis media & meningitis treatment failures. Pneumococci have acquired resistance to penicillin, 3rd-generation cephalosporins & other antibiotics at an alarming rate; in some areas, 25 % of isolates are nonsusceptible to penicillin. In areas with high resistance rates, the addition of vancomycin to cefotaxime or ceftriaxone is warranted for empiric treatment of bacterial meningitis. Previous antibiotic use is a risk factor for invasive disease with resistant pneumococci. Patients may be best protected by avoiding unnecessary use of antibiotics. + 
LEADING SUPERBUG IN THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPS DRAMATIC RESISTANCE TO THE NEWEST ANTIBIOTICS
70% (15)
22/2/2000

LEADING SUPERBUG IN THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPS DRAMATIC RESISTANCE TO THE NEWEST ANTIBIOTICS

LEADING SUPERBUG IN THE COMMUNITY DEVELOPS DRAMATIC RESISTANCE TO THE NEWEST ANTIBIOTICS   Their findings are documented in the paper, Decreased Susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae to Fluoroquinolones in Canada, published in the July 22 edition of the New England Journal of Medicine. The study is the 1st to document the emergence of this resistance in the community & to demonstrate that resistance is linked to increased fluoroquinolones use.   Resistance has developed in the newest members of the fluoroquinolone class, which have only been released for worldwide use in the last 2 years. "This is a wake up call that resistance is developing before our eyes & if we are to stop or reverse this trend, we have to act now," says Dr. Don Low, Microbiologist-in-Chief for Mount Sinai Hospital & Prof, Microbiology & Medicine for the University of Toronto.   i  The Mount Sinai Hospital Researchers, using data collected nation wide by the Canadian Bacterial Disease Network, produced a 10 year history of fluoroquinolone use & the growth of resistance, which increased sharply in recent years. The study clearly demonstrates that the elderly suffer most from antibiotic resistance & that strains of Strep pneumo that are already resistant to the commonly used antibiotics are most likely to be resistant to the fluoroquinolones.   + 
Antibiotics 'lead to drug resistance'
70% (16)
11/11/1999

Antibiotics 'lead to drug resistance'

Antibiotics 'lead to drug resistance'   i  Taking antibiotics can lead to bacterial drug resistance, researchers who conducted a 2-year study say today.   They show a clear link between antibiotic use & the ability of bacteria to resist certain drugs. Patients prescribed high levels of antibiotics also suffer from higher numbers of infections that cannot be cured by these drugs. Doctors who found the link say that their work shows that "GPs may have to face the broader consequences of their antibiotic prescribing among their own patients".   i  They compared the number of bacteria which were resistant to antibiotics in a general practice with the official data on how much the doctors prescribe so-called broad spectrum penicillin antibiotics.   The researchers, whose study is published in the British Medical Journal, found that the more antibiotics GPs prescribed, the more their patients displayed infections by bacteria which were resistant to antibiotics.  
resistance, drug
69% (17)
14/6/2000

resistance, drug

 i  An antibiotic works its effects on bacterial germs, not on the person taking the antibiotic. So patients cannot become immune to an antibiotic, but that patient&/39;s germs can become immune to the antibiotic.   Next, resistance to one antibiotic drug can arise as a consequence of taking another antibiotic. EG ? , penicillin resistance is most easily produced in the pneumococcus bacterium by broad spectrum cephalosporins (...) or the macrolide antibiotics eg ?  erythromycin, clarithromycin (...), or azithrocin (...).   i  Some antibiotic resistance is not caused as much by antibiotic use or overuse in humans as much as that in animals. i  From those avian species of bacteria, resistance to the antibiotic spreads to other species of bacteria related to humans.   In addition to resistance caused by the use of antibiotics, there can be resistance caused by the presence of certain man-made substances in the environment. + 
GO Network:Antibiotics
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GO Network:Antibiotics

 i  Antibiotics for Rheumatic Diseases Information for physicians & patients on the use of the antibiotics minocycline, doxycycline & tetracycline, etc., Ask Dr Lenhardt Information from a medical Dr on the proper uses of antibiotics.html Barberry Bush Banishes Bacteria An article about research showing that barberry increases the effectiveness of antibiotics. Home, Bacteria-Ridden, Home Information about how domestic antibiotics could also be contributing to the antibiotic resistance situation, including links to related articles. i  Lyme Disease Relief- experienced without antibiotics A collection of information about alternatives to antibiotics, from a person with Lyme Disease.net/ Microscope: Antibiotics Images of antibiotics produced using microscopy. The Rise of Antibiotic-Resistant Infections FDA article about antibiotic resistance. + 
NOAH RESPONSE TO HOUSE OF LORDS' REPORT ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
68% (19)
29/3/2000

NOAH RESPONSE TO HOUSE OF LORDS' REPORT ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

The National Office of Animal Health welcomes the House of Lords' report on antibiotic resistance. The report 'Resistance to Antibiotics' published today calls for prudent use of antibiotics in human & animal health to ensure they remain effective in the future. The House of Lords Select Committee inquiry followed increasing concern about the threat to human health from resistance to antibiotics. i  NOAH fully endorses the Select Committee's view that antibiotics require prudent medical & veterinary use. NOAH, on behalf of its members, has taken a number of steps to initiate & support schemes for responsible use of all animal medicines including antibiotics. i  NOAH endorses the report's conclusion that veterinary antibiotics must remain effective & welcomes the recognition placed by the report on the value of these medicines to animal health & welfare. * 
  1. The House of Lords Select Committee on Science & Technology produced the Report 'Resistance to antibiotics & other antimicrobial agents' following an Inquiry.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
68% (20)
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ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE - 31/5/98  *  Most people, medical & non-medical, would agree that the 1st category should be treated with antibiotics whilst for the 2nd category antibiotic therapy is totally inappropriate. * 
  • Is antibiotic resistance increasing? + 
  • Is antibiotic resistance new & how does it occur? i  Some bacteria have always been resistant to certain antibiotics whilst no antibiotic has ever been universally effective against allcomers. Antibiotics work by targeting certain functions of the bacterial cell - penicillin attacks the formation of the bacterial cell wall whilst others attack, eg ? , reproduction. * 
    •  i  We have "friendly" bacteria in our bowel, eg ? , & these may well contain bacterial resistance plasmids - especially if we've recently taken antibiotics. + 
House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report
68% (21)
8/5/1998

House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report

PHLS concludes, "The use of fluoroquinolones & trimethoprim in food animals has contributed to the development of resistance to these antibiotics in zoonotic Salmonellas" (cp QQ 85-88). i  3.20 Enterococci have natural resistance to numerous antibiotics, & cause serious infections in hospitalised immune-impaired patients. i  The new antibiotic Synercid[41] is the PHLS's best hope as a treatment for multi-resistant enterococci; but resistance to Synercid may have been induced already by use of the related growth promoter virginiamycin, used in pigs, poultry & cattle. PHLS recommend extensive further study of the relative contribution of clinical antibiotics & animal growth promoters to the selective pressure on enterococci, including (a) molecular typing, to establish whether resistant strains found in people & animals are the same, (b) characterisation of resistance genes, & of their capacity to transfer between enterococci in animals & those in man, ()...,....-... i  Nevertheless, antibiotic use is substantial in Asia, & there is a resistance problem in ornamental fish (...) & terrapins. i  Dr Philip Murphy, Director of the Northern Ireland Public Health Lab, drew our attention to concern about its use, given its significance as a pathogen in cystic fibrosis & its resistance to all available antibiotics (p 435). The problem is compounded by the fact that some of the recommendations [...] have never been validated in the field due to the lack of research funds." + 
Scientific American: Explorations: Home, Bacteria-Ridden Home: 7/21/97
68% (22)
21/10/1999

Scientific American: Explorations: Home, Bacteria-Ridden Home: 7/21/97

 +   i  To keep drugs potent, many in the medical community preach judicious use of antibiotics & teach patients to take their full course of medication. i  But such germ killers could perversely lead to more harmful strains in the home, according to Stuart B. Levy, a medical researcher at Tufts University. i  2 hospitals in the same city may be confronted with 2 different sets of resistance problems, depending on individual patient populations & the way antibiotics are used. Domestic antibacterials are distinct from medical antibiotics, but they may pose a parallel danger. Levy cautions that just as every hospital develops its own antibiotic-resistance profile, resistance within an individual home's microbial ecology could be altered by the misuse of home antibacterial products. A recent surge in the attention paid to the issue of antibiotic resistance attests to the medical community's recognition that the heady days of easy antibiotic & vaccine victories are over. i  Antibiotic Resistance References from Harvey Mudd College
The Use of Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins in Dogs and Cats by Drs. Foster & Smith
67% (23)
15/6/2000

The Use of Penicillinase-Resistant Penicillins in Dogs and Cats by Drs. Foster & Smith

Penicillinase-resistant penicillins are used for infections with Staphylococcus. There are many forms of penicillins, so dosages vary greatly. + 
Type of Drug Class of penicillin antibiotic. *   i  In human medicine, bacterial resistance to penicillinase-resistant penicillins is developing. Contraindications/Warnings People with hypersensitivities (...) to penicillins or beta-lactam antibiotics eg ?  cephalosporins shouldn't handle the penicillins as allergic reactions could occur just from contact. Not for use in patients hypersensitive to penicillins or beta-lactam antibiotics. + 
House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report
66% (24)
8/5/1998

House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report

CHAPTER 2 PRUDENT USE IN HUMAN MEDICINE
Over-the-counter (OTC) antibiotics
CHAPTER 10 RESOURCES FOR RESEARCH & DATA-COLLECTION
GENM1000 - ANTIBIOTICS AND IMMUNISATION
66% (25)
26/4/2000

GENM1000 - ANTIBIOTICS AND IMMUNISATION

MIRACLES & MISADVENTURES IN MODERN MEDICINE   9:00 - 10:00 Lecture/Seminar: Antibiotics & Immunisation - 2-Edged Swords  
  • Overuse of antibiotics & the triumph of microbes over man.
Antibiotic Resistance:   Students should examine the trends in antibiotic resistance & the factors leading to resistance & measures which can be taken to reduce resistance. Begin with the Patient Information site of the Alliance for the Prudent Use of Antibiotics. Follow the link in the references - The Challenge of Antibiotic Resistance & read this fully including links.  
ICAAC2.PNY
64% (26)
26/9/1999

ICAAC2.PNY

Library: MED Keywords: ICAAC RESISTANCE ACUTE OTITS MEDIA ANTIBIOTICS BACTERIA MACROLIDES PENICILLIN Description: In a comparison study between 2 antibiotics that will be presented at the 38th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy (ICAAC) in San Diego, CA, researchers show that treatment of children's middle.../......... Contact: Porter Novelli, Michelle Ertischek (212) 601-8250, mertischek@porternovelli.comRhea Juntereal (212) 601-8123, rjuntereal@porternovelli.comSTUDY EXAMINES EFFICACY OF ANTIBIOTICS IN ACUTE OTITIS MEDIA(Dallas, TX, Sept 25, 1998) -- In a comparison study between 2 antibiotics that will be presented at the 38th Annual Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents. (.)..,,....'..../......... In comparison, treatment with the antibiotic, azithromycin, reduced S. pneumoniae carriage by approx 25 %.Among the initial findings, the researchers determined that 63 % ofS. pneumoniae isolates were resistant to penicillin & 55 % to azithromycin before treatment."Our results indicate that amoxicillin/clavulanate is effective at eradicating all but the most penicillin-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae," said George H. McCracken, Jr., M.D., Prof of pediatrics, Sarah M. & Charles E. Seay Chair in Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Southwestern Medical School, Dallas.Results showed that amoxicillin/clavulanate eradicated or suppressed strains of S. pneumoniae that were penicillin-susceptible. + 
Penicillin: the first miracle drug
64% (27)
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Penicillin: the first miracle drug

 *   i  Residents of Peoria, Illinois, were encouraged to bring moldy household objects to the local U.S. Department of Agriculture lab, where penicillin research was being conducted. i  Some bacteria are able to resist the action of antibiotic drugs, including penicillin. Antibiotic resistance occurs as not all bacteria of the same species are alike, just as people in your own family aren't exactly alike. i  Taking antibiotics for viral illnesses like colds can also cause antibiotic resistant bacteria to develop. We would be shocked to hear of someone dying from an infection that started in a scratch, but, before antibiotics like penicillin, it was common for people to die from such infections.   i  Take all of an antibiotic, & only take them when prescribed by a Dr. Research to develop new antibiotics to treat resistant bacteria continues, but research takes time. *   + 
Science News Online (10/24/98): References for New penicillin booby-traps bacteria
63% (28)
23/10/1998

Science News Online (10/24/98): References for New penicillin booby-traps bacteria

New penicillin booby-traps bacteria   A modified form of penicillin can potentially kill bacteria resistant to antibiotics, using the enzyme that can disable the drug.   S-aminosulfeniminopenicillins: Multimode b -latamase inhibitors & template structures for penicillin-based b -latamase substrates as prodrugs. Seppa, N. 1997. Antibiotic resistance falls in Finland. Wu, C. 1997. Antibiotics better in Paris.
The Use of Penicillin in Dogs and Cats by Drs. Foster & Smith
62% (29)
15/6/2000

The Use of Penicillin in Dogs and Cats by Drs. Foster & Smith

Natural penicillins are safe antibiotics which can be given orally or by injection. + 
 i  Brand Name Penicillin G: Penicillin G Potassium, Penicillin G Procaine, Flo-Cillin, Pen BP-48, Crystiben, Dual-PenPenicillin V: Pen-V Type of Drug Class of penicillin antibiotic. *   i  Contraindications/Warnings People with hypersensitivities (...) to penicillins or beta-lactam antibiotics eg ?  cephalosporins shouldn't handle the penicillins as allergic reactions could occur just from contact. Not for use in patients hypersensitive to penicillins or beta-lactam antibiotics such as cephalosporins. + 
House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report
61% (30)
8/5/1998

House of Lords - Science and Technology - Seventh Report

 i  2.1 The evidence set out above suggests that one way to tackle drug resistance in the short term is to work towards appropriate & prudent usage of the drugs themselves.13] 2.2 It must be recognised at once that, even without the issue of resistance, use of medicines is a 3-cornered battlefield. Discussion of the impact of usage on resistance cannot be divorced from this context. i  The Association of Medical Microbiologists (AMM - QQ 45-52, p 9) told us that in England alone, GPs prescribe 270m defined daily doses each year—"enough antibiotics to treat every man, woman & child in England for 5 days a year". i  They warned us, "The continuing legitimate use of antibiotics in humans may still sustain & might even increase the amount of resistance"[16]; to say nothing of resistance continuing to be generated in animals, & in humans in other countries where imprudent use persists. i  On the other hand Dr Davey, who believes that more than half of GP prescribing is justified by nothing more than a runny nose, would happily "let the people with the sore throats get antibiotics but concentrate on the people who don't have any clinical signs which warrant antibiotics" (Q 265). *   + 

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73%Penicillin and other antibiotics
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43%Penicillin ProductionPenicillin: the first miracle drug
42%upper part of fermentation unitPenicillin: the first miracle drug
39%refrigeration unitPenicillin: the first miracle drug
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28%Penicillin and other antibiotics
27%Navigation BarGENM1000 - ANTIBIOTICS AND IMMUNISATION
26%Penicillin and other antibiotics

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AspectRelated Terms
Resistance to penicillin and antibioticsAntibiotic Resistance; Mount Sinai Hospital; Science News; INFECTION CONTROL;

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SubjectExample related documents
PPENICILLINS      Penicillin Production  upper part of fermentation unit  refrigeration unit  Alexander Fleming  fermentation unit         
RRESISTANCESMedical Association Communications (MAC) 

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RelContactAddressX-ref
65%DR_ROBERT_UPSHALL@whinfield.co.ukANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
63%Gary VelanG.Velan@unsw.edu.auGENM1000 - ANTIBIOTICS AND IMMUNISATION
56%Jonesphilip.jones@unsw.edu.auGENM1000 - ANTIBIOTICS AND IMMUNISATION
39%Rita.Thorburn@ed.ac.ukMedical Microbiology 3m
39%Katie KammTalulaLady@aol.com
35%Emaildebate.2000@virgin.netAntibiotics 'lead to drug resistance'
35%Roger Cookr.cook@noah.co.ukNOAH RESPONSE TO HOUSE OF LORDS' REPORT ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
35%Alison Glennona.glennon@noah.co.ukNOAH RESPONSE TO HOUSE OF LORDS' REPORT ON ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE

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